International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)

EFFECT OF HEMATITE ON YIELD POINT OF WATER BASE MUD

2023-08-11T11:44:55-04:00

Abstract: The aim of any drilling operation is to provide a path way or conduit from surface to depth of interest which
would later facilitate the production of the formation fluids. In order to achieve this, petroleum drilling engineers do
incorporate the best of drilling practices in which drilling time is a critical factor. Drilling cost is directly proportional
to time spent on drilling the well and as such any parameter that would drastically increase the drill cost is critically
analyzed with the view of getting the optimum conditions for such parameter. Rate of penetration have been known to
affect drill cost significantly. In order to optimized the rate of penetration and minimized torque during drilling, the
hole must be adequately cleared of drill cuttings. The hole cleaning properties of the drilling fluid are essential to
achieving the set objectives. Drilling fluids play important roles in any drilling operations. These roles are not limited
to controlling formation pressures and lifting of drill cuttings to the surface but also as a means of providing hydraulic
horsepower for downhole tools. Lifting and transporting of drill cuttings to the surface lies on, but not solely on the
rheological properties of the drilling mud in used but also on the mud pump pressure exerted at the surface. The pump
pressure which provides the circulating density of the mud is such that it is equivalent to the formation pressure.
Above this pressure, the formation tends to fracture and formation fracturing is not a good development during any
drilling operation. Hematite has been used as an additive to mitigate against formation pressures successfully,
especially when combined with the conventional weighting agent such as barite, calcium carbonate, etc. Barite (with
specific gravity between 4.2 – 4.8 g/cm
3
) is the most popular of the weighting agents due to its ecofriendly nature. It
has been used severally to control the mud weight of drilling mud during weighting up process. This weighting up
process usually have significant effect on the equivalent circulating density (ECD) which in turn affect the cuttings
removal process, hence poor hole cleaning and resultant increase in torque. Besides the increase in demand of barite
and its global reserves reduction, there is need to look at other alternatives such as hematite, ilmenite, calcite, etc.
Hematite with a specific gravity of 4.7 g/cm is a good weighting agent in water base mud because it provides high
value of mud density with low solid content when compared with equivalent volume of barite.

OEE Improvement by Implementation of TPM in Pencil Manufacturing Industry

2023-08-11T11:48:13-04:00

ABSTRACT : Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) is a strategy that emphasizes keeping machinery in top shape in order to avoid failures and reduce manufacturing process delays. The fundamental goal of TPM is to reduce the frequency of emergency and unforeseen maintenance incidents. (TPM) is a strategy that emphasizes keeping machinery in top shape in order to avoid failures and reduce manufacturing process delays. The following paper discusses about the implementation of TPM in a Lacquering Machine Department in the Pencil Manufacturing Industry. TPM is implemented in Lacquering Machine Cell, where the Lacquering Machines are connected in a chain by conveyor belts. The success of TPM is measured by Overall Equipment Effectiveness. The losses associated with the equipment’s effectiveness are identified and are worked upon them. The results of implementing TPM in improving efficiency and productivity are clearly observed. The paper is put down in order: Section 1 gives an Introduction to TPM. Section 2 is a Literature review. Section 3 gives detailed steps for the implementation of TPM. Section 4 gives detail about the implementation of TPM in Pencil Manufacturing Company. Section 5 is based on the Before and After OEE calculations. Section 6 discusses results and conclusions.

Expediency of Spray Waterproofing Application for Protection of Structural Concrete Elements against Environmental Agents

2023-08-11T11:50:47-04:00

Abstract --- This experiment elaborates the appropriate protection of structural concrete elements against the environment agents. Construction is taking in to vibrant ways in which concrete is one of prime component to build the infrastructure both the vertical and horizontal constructions i.e., residential/commercial towers and longer highway bridges. Design/execution of concrete projects is considered to be one part of activity and the maintenance of built structures are another part of activity which is unremitting, cumbersome and also uneconomical as well to maintain the structures health condition. The environment agents are always keep attacking on the concrete surface and some of in which try to penetrate in to the concrete where the concrete is not dense enough or at the weaker areas, those penetrated environment agents such as carbon dioxide (CO₂), greenhouse gases, acid rains, alkaline and acidic soils, air pollution, contaminated water, radioactivity etc., are too dangerous to the concrete strength and cause for severe damage to the concrete by its chemical reaction within the concrete matrix since the concrete is made-up of chemical compositions (S-C-H gel). Those chemical compositions easily react with several environment agents and cause for concrete deterioration.

The insulation is provided to the concrete with the spray waterproofing which is a simple method of applying a liquid agent all around to the concrete surface. The waterproofing agent goes on liquid but it dries into a flexible, impermeable membrane that any environment agents simply cannot get through and there is no chance of joins and gaps which are crucial for the waterproofing sprayed on any concrete surface. Spray waterproofing can be applied to just about any surface that may be vertical, horizontal, overhead, curved, pitched and various shaped surfaces as it gets bonds very well also swift to apply on the cleaned surface of concrete, masonry, stone, fiber cement, fiberglass, steel, tiles. The integrity of spray waterproofing confirms by conducting a pneumatic test oven an applied membrane.